What's Different About Your Brain in Spain?

North Americans often need to adjust their eating habits in Spain. In Spain:

• Breakfast is a small sandwich, or maybe tapas on toast, with a cup of coffee, eaten after eight in the morning but not after ten in the morning.
• Lunch (la comida) is the main meal of the day, eaten 1:30 pm to 4:00 pm. It's customary to eat slowly, relax, and enjoy the meal.
• Dinner is usually eaten around nine in the evening. It can be tapas, a successoin of small plates (larger than the French amuse-bouche, but smaller than an American appetizer), or maybe a light meal of a single dish.

The American researcher Jose Luchsinger, investigator in over 120 studies of Alzheimer's disease at Columbia University in New York City, and his colleagues once recruited 980 elderly people who did not have Alzheimer's for a four-year study. They gave their volunteers a blood test for the APOE-4 gene, which is known to be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and also cardiovascular disease. They also surveyed their eating habits at the beginning of the study. At the end of four years, Luchsinger and the other researchers compared diet data to incidence of Alzheimers. What they found was that among people who had the gene for Alzheimers:

• Those who consumed the most calories had up to a 370 percent greater chance of developing the disease.
• Those who consumed the most saturated fat had up to a 390 percent greater change of developing the disease.

It seems to be a combination of unlucky genetics and bad diet that predisposes people to Alzheimer's. Some people who don't have the APOE-4 gene will eat "wrong" and still not get Alzheimer's. Some people who do have the APOE-4 gene will eat "right" and avoid the disease.

Overall, an average of just a couple hundred calories a day can make a four-fold difference in whether or not you get Alzheimer's. However, it is even more important, subsequent studies found, to give your brain a "break" from having to deal with sugar and fat all the time. Constant nibbling, snacking, and huge breakfasts and dinners mean the cells in your brain are always taking in nutrients and never getting a chance to repair or remove damaged proteins. Cells don't function as well, and their DNA falls into disrepair so that they can't ever undo damage done by diet, smoking, toxic chemicals, and injury. 

To be sure, there are other countries in Europe and around the world that lower Alzheimer's rates even than Spain. Greece, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Macedonia, where the local culture includes fast days, and Slovenia and Portugal, which have aspects of the "Mediterranean" diet have rates of Alzheimer's disease just a small fraction of those in Spain, as does Austria, where food is so expensive people eat less. The key to a healthy diet for your brain, however, is to eat more fruits and vegetables and less meat, and to avoid eating too much.

READ The Ten Biggest Mistakes You Can Make When Eating at a Restaurant

All it takes to avoid activating the gene that "causes" Alzheimer's may be just not to eat all the time, and not to eat a big meal more than once a day. Take your brain to Spain, literally or figuratively, and keep it healthy by eating delicious, healthy food in amounts that keep you looking forward to the next meal tomorrow.