Relief Of Cold And Flu Symptoms

Pain

Pain-killers in cold and flu remedies can relieve the discomfort of sore throat, headache and joint pain.  One of the most commonly included is acetaminophen, which relieves high temperature as well, and can be taken safely by children. Other pain-killers include ibuprofen, which will also reduce inflammation, and Aspirin, although this should not be given to children.

Cough

The purpose of coughing is to bring up excessive mucus from the lungs, but sometimes in the case of cold and flu the cough is non-productive i.e. it does not bring anything up.  These types of dry cough can be very tiring, make the throat sore and disturb sleep. So ingredients to suppress the cough reflex are often included in remedies. Pholcodine, benzonatate, diphenhydramine and dextromethorphan are all commonly used effective cough suppressants.

Ingredients called expectorants can make a cough more productive, by increasing secretions and making them thinner and more watery, so it is easier to cough them up. Guaifenesin, which is most often used for this purpose is best taken with food as it can sometimes upset the stomach, and taking a drink at the same time seems to increase its effectiveness. Mucolytics, such as acetylcysteine, are similar ingredients, which are able to break mucus down, making it easier to cough up.

This is particularly a risk at night or when taking sedative remedies. So the combination is only recommended in non-sedative (daytime) remedies, which are taken for a non-productive cough.

Decongestion

A troublesome cold symptom is swelling inside the nose, making breathing difficult and uncomfortable.  Decongestants, like phenylephrine or xylometazoline , available as single ingredients in drops or sprays applied directly to the lining of the nose, reduce the swelling and making breathing easier. 

When taken as a tablet, or in a powder or syrup combination remedy, the risk of rebound is generally avoided. But taking them this way can lead to rare side effects, such as high blood pressure and agitation.

Medicines called anti-histamines, more commonly taken for allergies like hayfever, can also be included in cold and flu remedies.  Not only can they reduce swelling in the nose and dry up a ‘runny’ nose, older ones have the side effect of drowsiness, so can ensure a good night’s sleep.  (But remedies containing these types of anti-histamines must not be taken by anyone driving or operating machinery).

Are cold and flu remedies safe?

Their ingredients have been well-used and considered by the regulatory authorities to be safe enough for self-medication. But that is not to say they cannot be dangerous if not used properly.  

Also, take notice of warnings about interactions with other medication you may be taking, or other medical conditions you have.  If in any doubt about the suitability of a remedy, ask for advice from a pharmacist or doctor before taking it.  Do not give cold and flu remedies for adults to children unless the instructions say it is suitable and do not let children take them without supervision. 

If symptoms do not resolve within two weeks you should go and see a doctor to rule out other causes, and possibly to receive other treatment.