Vitamin C and Its Effect on Immune System

Vitamin C has also been presented as a treatment modality in cases of common cold and infections of the lung. The role of vitamin C in the immune system has been studied for many years and has been reported to control certain regulatory functions. The administration of vitamin C along with other micro and macronutrients is advised in individuals who are suffering from vitamin C-deficiency and are at high risk of developing infections related to the lungs.

Vitamin C and Immune Cells

The role of vitamin C in the functioning of immune cells is well proven. Vitamin C is especially required for the functioning of the phagocytes and T-lymphocytes. The major role of vitamin C is the protection of the immune cells against free radicals formed during the interaction of the immune cells with harmful microorganisms. The T-cells and other phagocytes engulf the microorganisms and employ oxygen in the form of superoxides to destroy them.

These superoxides can be harmful to the phagocytes themselves. Vitamin C protects them against the free radicals and thereby maintains the integrity of these cells. A deficiency of vitamin C hampers the function and results in early destruction of the T-cells and phagocytes. Deficiency of vitamin C is associated with increased duration of the common cold and infections of the lung, signifying its role in protection against these conditions. The effect has been more pronounced in elderly individuals who tend to suffer from multiple deficiencies owing to their altered dietary pattern and the ability of the body to absorb the essential nutrients from the diet being consumed.^{1, 2}

Vitamin C and Flu

Administration of vitamin C was noted to improve the concentration of immune proteins and certain components of the complement system. These proteins and the complement system have a vital role in maintaining the immunity of the body. The effects of vitamin C has been particularly been emphasised against infections such as the common cold and flu.

Vitamin C when administered with other medications for flu and common cold significantly reduced the duration of these infections. Vitamin C supplementation is therefore advised along with regular medications in order to reduce the severity and duration of infectious disorders.^{2, 3}

Read More: Are Vitamin C Supplements Safe And Beneficial?

General Functions

Vitamin C along with other micronutrients has a role in the ability of the skin to fight against infectious microorganisms. Vitamin C enhances the functioning of the skin cells and helps them form an effective barrier against the harmful microorganisms. Deficiency of vitamin C and other nutrients reduces the ability of the skin to prevent infections.

Additionally, vitamin C acts as a potent antioxidant that helps protect immune cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules produced during normal cellular processes and can damage cells if their levels are not adequately regulated. By neutralizing free radicals, vitamin C prevents oxidative stress and supports the proper functioning of immune cells.

Vitamin C also plays a vital role in the production of collagen⁵, a protein that is essential for the integrity and strength of various tissues, including the skin, which serves as a physical barrier against pathogens. By maintaining the integrity of the skin and other barriers, vitamin C indirectly supports immune function by preventing the entry of harmful microorganisms.

Furthermore, vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron from plant-based foods, known as non-heme iron⁶. Iron is a vital nutrient for the immune system as it is involved in several immune processes, including the production of immune cells and the maintenance of their function. By improving iron absorption, vitamin C indirectly supports immune health.

Moreover, vitamin C has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic inflammation can impair immune function and contribute to various diseases. By reducing inflammation, vitamin C helps promote a healthy immune response.